High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from around the body and transports it to the liver.
Low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, inflammation, genetic factors, and liver disease. Inflammatory or immune modifications can make HDL pathogenic.
Conversely, very high HDL-C levels may be linked to genetic factors, excessive exercise, and increased all-cause mortality. Low HDL-C coupled with high LDL-C and triglycerides increases cardiovascular risk, and HDL-C falling below 50 mg/dL is associated with increased total mortality risk. Exceptionally high HDL-C levels are also undesirable, as they are associated with increased mortality.
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